Luria’s Spirit Is Angry with Hayyim Vital
R. Hayyim Vital (1542–1620) was the chief student of R. Isaac Luria
(1534–1572)—known popularly as the Ari or Arizal, the originator of
Lurianic kabbalah.[1] In Sefer Hezyonot [Book of Visions], Vital’s mystical diary,[2] he tells of how a maggid (friendly spirit)[3] possessed the daughter of his friend Raphael Anav.[4]
The maggid was the spirit įø¤akham Piso (probably R. Isaac Israel de
Piso, an exile from Spain) who had died about 30 years earlier; he had
committed some small sin that was still hanging over him, so his soul
was sent to Damascus in order to bring messages to Vital.[5]
Frustrated that none of these messages came from his deceased
teacher,—Vital asked Anav to inquire of the maggid why Luria was not
responding to him. He reports in his entry for that day (each entry
begins with a date as is the style of diaries):
הפר ×××××× ××Ŗ ××× ×׳ ×××. ש×××Ŗ× ×× ×¢״× ××××: ××× × ×× ×¢ ×צ×××§ ×× ×××¢ ×× ×××ר ×¢×× ××× ×©×× ××× ×ש ×Ŗ×§×× ×××××ר×.
Book of Visions “The tenth of Ab. I asked her via her father: Why does the righteous one (tzaddiq)
known to me (=Luria) refuse to speak to me? What is his (=the spirit’s)
name, and is there any hope that he (Luria) will return?
Vital had assumed that he would be able to communicate with Luria after his death through the yiįø„udim
(unifications, a type of mystical meditation) that he had been taught
by Luria. Yet he had not been able to communicate with Luria. Now
somebody comes who is a heavenly messenger, but is not Luria. Vital is
confused and asks who is this messenger that he did not know?
Vital writes in his next entry that the maggid responds that Luria is angry with Vital:
×תש××× × ×× ××× ×״× ××× ×× ×Ø××Ŗ× ××××Ø× ×״×
××××ר ××: ×××Ø× ×× ×ש××, ש×× ×ש×× ×¢×× ×©××××Ŗ ××× ×״× ×¤×¢××× ×××× × ××××
××ש×× ×× ×Ŗ×©××× ×× ×× ×××Ŗ, ××× ×× ×׳ ×Ŗ××××Ŗ ×××: ×שר״× ××Ŗ×״× ××××Ŗ״× ××××
×××× ×עצ×× ×¤×ר×ש ×××ר××.
She responded that on the night of the
eleventh of Ab she saw my teacher and he said to her: “Tell him in my
name, that he should not ask these questions so many times. I cannot
answer him, except for these three words: ‘Happy are the dead in your
house.’[6] He will understand the meaning of these words himself.”
Vital, however, does not understand what Luria is referring to, and Anav’s daughter explains this to Luria in her next dream:
××× ×״× ××: ר××Ŗ× ××××× ××××Ø× ×״× ×××¢×Ø× ×׳ ××××ר ××: ×× ×ש××× ×ר׳ ××××? ××Ŗ××ר ××: ××ר ×× ×©×× ×××× ×××Ŗ× ××׳ ×Ŗ××××Ŗ.
The night of the twelfth of Ab. In a
dream, she saw my teacher z"l in a cave, and he said to her: “What did
R. Hayyim reply to you?” She said to him: “He told me that he did not
understand the three words.”
This response annoys Luria’s spirit, who speaks contemptuously of Vital’s perspicacity here:
××××ר ××: ××× ××ר × ×§× ×××. × ××× ×©××× ××× ××××? ×××× ××××× ×©××××Ŗ××?!
He said to her: “Such an easy thing. Has his
intellect become so dense that he did not understand? Where is the
wisdom that I taught him?”
Luria’s spirit continues by having her remind Vital of an incident that took place years before:
××××ר ××××ר ×××Ŗ× ×ר×× ×Ø×¢× ×©××צ××Ŗ× ××× ×...
Remind him of the evil spirit [ruaįø„ ha-raŹæah] that I expelled from him.
Luria’s spirit continues with his criticism:
××× × ×׳ ×©× ×× ×©××× × ×××Ŗ× ×××××. ××¢×Ŗ× ×ש××Ŗ× ××××ר ×××× ××××× ×©×× ×××× ×××Ø× ×Ŗ×©×××Ŗ×, ××× × ×Ø××¦× ××××ר ××××.
It has been four years that he has not seen
me in a dream. Now I planned to return to him, but since he does not
understand my response. I do not want to return to him.
Though Vital never really understands what Luria wants from him, he
does, at least, finally understand that his master is referring to the
incident near Kfar Akhbara, on the road from Safed to Meron:
×× [ר××] ××¢[× ×××Ŗ] ×[×¢×Ŗ×] פ×[ר×ש] ×¢× ×× ×ר××
×Ø×¢× ×× ×[×ר], ש××× ×¢× ×× ×Ŗ××××Ŗ ×××Ŗ××. ש××××× × ××××Ŗ× × ××פר ×¢××ר×, ××¤× ×
ש××××§× × ×××Ŗ× ×ר×× ×©× ×§×ר ××××...
In my humble opinion, the meaning of the above-mentioned evil spirit (ruaįø„ raŹæah)
concerns the resurrection of the dead. He revived me on our journey to
Kfar Akhbara (“Mouse Village”) because of the injury done to me by a
spirit who was in the grave, the gentile…[7]
The story of how this evil spirit attacked Vital appears in a different work, the שער ×××××××× ShaŹæar HaGilgulim “Gates of Transmigration.”[8]
The Spirit of Jesus Possesses Hayyim Vital
Vital describes how he and Luria passed by the grave of an ancient goy (gentile) whose spirit saw that of Vital’s:
××××× ×©×¢×Ø ×××××××× ×× ××©× ×Ŗ ש×״×, ×צ×× × ×× ×ש××, ××¢××Ø× × ×¢× ×§×ר ××× ××× ×§×××× ××תר ××××£ ×©× ××. ×ר×× × ×¤×©× ×¢× ×¦××× ×, ××קש ×××××Ŗ× × ×××××× ×.
Vital, ShaŹæar HaGilgulim §38 In the year 5332 [1572],
we went out in the fields, and we passed the ancient grave of a gentile
[goy] that was more than a thousand years old. He saw my spirit (nefesh) from his tombstone and he tried to harm me and kill me.
Who is this thousand-year-old spirit, powerful enough to overcome Hayyim Vital? While Vital calls him a goy, according to Vital’s own kabbalistic understanding of the soul, only a Jew has a spirit [ruaįø„] that can possess another Jew,[9] which would imply that goy here is meant as a dismissive insult and not as an actual description of the person.
As first suggested by Pinchas Giller, the spirit seems to be none other than Jesus of Nazareth.[10] In the previous section of ShaŹæar HaGilgulim,
where Vital describes how Luria wandered around the environs
surrounding Safed with his disciples, “identifying” the graves of a wide
variety of biblical, Talmudic, and Zoharic figures through
mystical/kabbalistic means, one such grave was that of Jesus:
×××× ××××× ×©×¢×Ø ×××××××× ×× ×צפ××
צפת ×Ŗ[×× ×] ×[×Ŗ××× ×] ×[××ר×] ×[×××× ×], ××××Ŗ× ×צפת ××¦× ×¦×¤×× ××××Ŗ ×× ×פר
×¢×× ××××Ŗ××, ××Ø× ×××× ××× ×©× ×ר××, ×©× ×§××ר ×ש"× ×× ×צר×.
Vital, ShaŹæar HaGilgulim §37 To the north of Safed, may it be rebuilt and reestablished in our day,[11]
going from Safed in a northern direction to the village of Ein Zeitun
[Spring of Olives], there is path to a carob tree, which is where Jesus
the Nazarene is buried.[12]
Kfar Akhbara is on the way from Safed to Ein Zeitun, so they would have passed this grave on the way.[13]
Vital’s note that the grave is near a carob tree is likely related to
the traditions concerning Judas Iscariot. The Gospel of Matthew (27:5)
has Judas hang himself after betraying Jesus, and Christian folklore,
going back at least to the 15th century, says it was from a carob tree.[14] Indeed, one species of carob tree is called “the Judas tree.”[15]
This “demonic” site was likely first understood as the burial place of
Judas among local Christians, and then, with only a vague familiarity
with Christianity and its characters, it morphed among local Jews to
become the site where Jesus is buried. Given that Jews understood Jesus
as the first Christian (rather than a first century Jew with heterodox
beliefs), Vital calling Jesus a non-Jew is hardly surprising.
As the story continues, other Jewish spirits were present to defend Vital from this (Jesus’) spirit:
×××× ×××××× ×Ø×××, ×× ×©×××Ŗ צ×××§×× ×©×× ×ש×ער×, ××××× × ××ש××××, ××× ×××× ××.
There were many angels and innumerable souls [neshamot] of the righteous arrayed to my right and left and he was powerless to harm me.[16]
Luria recommends Vital avoid that grave, but this does not help, since the spirit follows him:
××צ×× × ×××Ø× ×״×, ש××××Ø×Ŗ× ×× ××××ר ×××Ø× ××× ×¢××. ×××״× ××× ×¢×× × ×¤×© ×××× ×Ø×××§× ××× ×.
My teacher commanded me that when I return, I
should not do so on that road. But afterwards, the spirit of that
gentile followed me from a distance.
In a moment of spiritual weakness, when Vital succumbs to his anger in a fight with Rabbi Judah Mishan,[17] the spirit is able to possess him:
××©× ×ש×× × ××¢×”×Ŗ× ×¢× ××Ø× ××××× ×שע×, ××Ŗ×× × ×¤×© ×××× ×××Ŗ××ר ××, ××Ŗ×××× × ×¢××. ××× ×Ø×¦××Ŗ× ×ש×××¢ ×רשת ×××Ø× ×״×.
There in the field I became angry with Rabbi Judah Mishan and the spirit (nefesh) of the gentile began to attach itself to me and cause me to sin[18] even more and I did not want to listen to my teacher's z"l teachings.
Luria is distraught at Vital’s possession, worried that the spirit
might kill him and thus end Luria’s quest to use Vital to bring the
messiah, as Luria believed that he was the Messiah of Joseph and Vital
might be the Messiah of David:[19]
×××Ŗ××× ×××××Ŗ ××××ר: "×× × ×× ×× ×©×××Ŗ ×צ×××§××
×××××××× ×××× ×××, ×¢״× ×××¢×”. ××פ××× ×©×× ×× ×× ×¤×© ××××. ××× ×עש×, ××××××
ש×××§××× ××× ××××× ××, ×× ×××× ×רפ××Ŗ×. ××× ××Ø× ×× × ×¤× ××××Ŗ×××, ××× ××Ŗ×§×××
×× ×× ×©×× × ×××©× ×©××Ŗ××§× ××¢××× ×¢× ××× ×× ×××¢ ××. ×××× × ×××× ××××× ×× ××
× ××Ŗ× ×Ø×©××Ŗ ×××××, ××× ×ר××§ ×××¢×Ŗ×, ×× ××Ø× ××¢×××."
He began to cry and said: “All the souls and angels have left him because of the anger and as a result that spirit (nefesh)
rules over him. What shall I do? I wish that he would [merely] harm him
and let him remain living; then I will be able to heal him. However, I
fear that he will kill him and everything that I think will repair the
world will not be accomplished by him, as is known to me. I could not
tell, since I had not been given permission, whether I have struggled
for nothing and the world would be destroyed.”
Luria’s concern is that, if Vital dies, it would put an end to his
messianic mission to bring repentance and redemption to the Jews.
××× ××× ×× ××××× ×ר×× ×¦×¢×Ø× ×××××Ŗ×.
He did not eat the whole night out of anguish and worry.
Possessed, Vital returns to the gravesite of the possessing spirit, where he is sent flying in the air[20] until he reaches total exhaustion, only barely able to drag himself to Luria’s home afterwards:
×××××Ŗ× ××××Ø×Ŗ× ×××Ø× ×××× ××××. ××ש×××¢×Ŗ× ×¢×
×§×ר×, ר×× × ×©××Ŗ× × ××ש, ×ר×××Ŗ× ×¢×¦×× ×Ø×„ ××××ר ×××× ×¢×©×Ø×× ×§××× ××¢× ×××
×קרקע, ×¢× ×©×××¢×Ŗ× ××¢×Ŗ צ××Ŗ ×××××××, ××× ×××× × ×©×. ×××××Ŗ× ×××©× ×ר×× ×¢× ××ר
××קר. ×רצ××Ŗ× ××§××, ×××× ××××Ø× × ××ש×× ××× ×××× ××ר×××©× ××, ××××××× × ×¢×
×¤×Ŗ× ×××Ø× ×״× ××× ×××.
I returned on that road alone. When I reached his grave, the wind (or “the spirit”) lifted me[21]
and I saw myself in the air, running twenty stories above the ground
until I reached (land again) at nightfall and was left there. I slept
soundly until morning. I wanted to get up, but all of my limbs were very
weak and painful, but they brought me slowly to the door of my teacher z”l.
Luckily, Luria is able to save Vital:
××××××¢ ש×, ×× × ××Ŗ×Ø× ×× × ×©×× ××× ××¢× ×× ××× ×.
××ש×××× × ×××Ø× ×״× ×¢× ×××Ŗ×, ××”×ר ××××Ŗ, ××תפ××. ×××״× × ×× ×” ××××Ŗ× ×××Ŗ ×××
×××, ×××× ×××× ××××Ŗ ××××ר ×¢× ××××, ××××ר ×¢×× ××. ××× ×¢×©× ×¢× ××¦× ××××
ש××××Ŗ× ××Ŗ ×××ר×. ××××¦× ×××× ×Ø×××Ŗ× ×עצ××, ×× ×××Ø× × ×©××Ŗ× ×× ××¢× ××¢×, ×¢×
שפת××Ŗ× ×¢×× ×. ××§××Ŗ× ××ר××Ŗ× ×ר××Ŗ ×××× ×××Ŗ××.
When I arrived, I was barely alive, like
Jonah, and my teacher laid me on his bed, closed the door, and prayed.
Afterwards, he entered the house alone, walked around the house,
returned to the bed, and stretched himself over me.[22]
He did this until noon, when I was almost dead, and at noon I saw
myself that my soul was slowly returning to me until I opened my eyes,
got up, and recited the blessing “He who resurrects the dead.”[23]
××× ×× ×××Ŗ ××צ××[24] ××× ×©×× ×”×¤×§.
All this is absolutely and undoubtedly true.
The spirit’s tenacity in following Vital implies that the great kabbalist was purposefully targeted.
Inverting the Trope of Jesus as Exorcist
One irony in a story about Jesus as a possessing spirit is that, in
Christian tradition, Jesus performs successful exorcisms. For example,
the Gospel of Mark tells how Jesus travelled over the Sea of Galilee to
the region of the Gerasenes, where he was met by a man possessed by a
demon:
Mark 5:2 And when he had stepped out of the boat, immediately a man from the tombs with an unclean spirit met him. 5:3 He lived among the tombs, and no one could restrain him any more, even with a chain, 5:4 for
he had often been restrained with shackles and chains, but the chains
he wrenched apart, and the shackles he broke in pieces, and no one had
the strength to subdue him. 5:5 Night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was always howling and bruising himself with stones. (NRSVue)
The demon, however, knows he cannot resist Jesus:
Mark 5:6 When he saw Jesus from a distance, he ran and bowed down before him, 5:7 and
he shouted at the top of his voice, “What have you to do with me,
Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I adjure you by God, do not torment
me.” 5:8 For he had said to him, “Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!” 5:9 Then Jesus asked him, “What is your name?” He replied, “My name is Legion, for we are many.” 5:10 He begged him earnestly not to send them out of the region.
Jesus removes the demons from the man, but agrees to allow them to
possess a local herd of pigs. The man himself, however, is cured, and
return to his town to tell everyone of the miracle.[25]
While Vital’s story concerns possession by an evil spirit (ruaįø„ raŹæah) rather than a demon,[26]
it is a polemical inversion of the gospel story. In Christianity, Jesus
begins as a Jewish itinerant prophet from the Second Temple period,
famous for his powers of removing demons, and eventually revealed to be
the messiah, son of God. In contrast, these kabbalists present Jesus as a
dangerous and powerful “gentile” spirit, who haunts local Jews by none
other than demonic possession.
The spirit targets Vital, perhaps because of the pivotal role Vital
plays in Luria’s plan to bring the messiah, a plan which undermines the
Christian belief that Jesus, the messiah, has already come. And who
could have enough spiritual power to exorcise a being as powerful as
Jesus? None other than the great kabbalist, the Arizal, whose goal was
to bring forward, through Vital, the “real” messianic age.