One of the biggest challenges that Judaism faces is the Haredi
schism. On the one hand, the sect is the most dynamic, fastest growing,
most passionately committed and scholarly section of the Jewish world.
On the other, it is the most fundamentalist, anti-intellectual,
narrow-minded, excessively restrictive sector that refuses to
countenance any change, moderation, or amelioration in Jewish law.
And the Haredi world, in almost all cases, does not countenance any
serious secular education that might help those who want to find a means
of making a living in the world outside.
In my youth the dominant strain, numerically, of UK Anglo Jewry was
the United Synagogue. All the big communal synagogues belonged to it.
Officers wore top hats. Rabbis or reverends wore canonicals. Services
were formal and boring. Most members were hybrids, attesting to
Orthodoxy in public — but disregarding it in private.
To its left was the Reform movement. To its right, groups of smaller
synagogues. Then there was the Golders Green Beth HaMedrash, which
combined its Orthodoxy with a Germanic intellectual tradition, a respect
for academic study, and Wissenschaft — the academic analysis of
Judaism. It was affectionately known as Munk’s, after its rabbi, who was
a member of an illustrious Germanic Orthodox family.
The community was proud of its motto “
Torah im Dereh Eretz“:
“Torah
combined with secular knowledge.” It was the slogan of Rabbi Samson
Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888), who had led the Orthodox Jews of Frankfort
in a breakaway from the main community, which he saw drifting towards
Reform and assimilation. He campaigned hard for an intellectually
rigorous interpretation of traditional Orthodoxy, to offer what he saw
as the best of both worlds. He was a powerful essayist and spokesman. He
wrote a German commentary on the Torah. He composed
Nineteen Letters as a polemic against Reform. His essays on Judaism were published in a volume called
Horeb.
Most significantly, he insisted on secular education in his religious school.
His was a remarkable community, until Eastern European Orthodoxy and
Hasidic fundamentalism slowly recovered from the impact of the war,
flourished, and began the process of becoming more Haredi and less
interested in either secular education or rational discourse, and
scholarly approaches to traditional texts and sources. Munk’s has,
sadly, veered strongly towards the Haredi right.
Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch is sadly missed. His slogan, “
Torah im Derek Eretzis,” is mocked and rejected.
The Talmudic term “
Dereh Eretz” has two meanings. The one
most people associate with it is the Yiddish expression — which means
good manners. But the Talmud also uses it to mean earning a livelihood
in a totally secular sense (Avot 2:2 and 3:5). This second meaning is
what Rav Hirsch meant: “It is good to combine studying Torah with a
livelihood, for the effort needed for both will keep a person away from
doing the wrong things.” (Pirkei Avot 2:2) This was why Rav Hirsch
introduced secular education in his schools.
The Talmud made the study of Torah the pre-eminent expression of
Jewish identity and activity. Yet the Torah discusses the relative
merits of Torah and Dereh Eretz.
Rebbi Shimon bar Yochai was forced to hide from the Romans in a cave
for 12 years, which he spent studying Torah with his son. When he came
out of the cave, he could not understand how ordinary people were going
about their business, plowing and sowing. He wanted to destroy them. A
heavenly voice told him that he had no right to destroy them, and sent
him back to the cave to cool off.
Rebbi Shimon argued that in the Book of Joshua it says that “the
words of the Torah should never leave your mouth, and if one studied,
others would take care of earning a livelihood.” Rebbi Yishmael
disagreed with Rebbi Shimon, and insisted that, as the Torah says, “You
should gather in your corn, wine, and oil.”
A scholar’s life is admirable. We should all aspire to as much Torah
study as we can. But most, even of the outwardly pious, are not suited
to permanent study.
The secular world today has adopted both aspects of Greece: its
intellectual exploration of the world around us and its morality of
self-indulgence that offends everything that the Torah stands for. We
should stand in contrast to it, morally. But scientifically, medically
and technologically, we all benefit from it. Yet Haredi leadership, in
principle, resists any secular education altogether. This cannot make
sense.
Having studied Greek philosophy at Cambridge and Talmud in yeshivah, I
can confirm that nothing is as mentally hard or demanding as Talmud
studies “
Lishma” (purely for its own sake). The problem is with the majority, who are neither gifted nor inclined to so.
This is why we can also see how hordes of so-called Talmudic scholars
swarm onto the streets of religious enclaves to protest against what
they see as assaults on their communities, when in fact requirements
that governments try to impose are usually no more than attempts to
protect them from their own unrealistic expectation that the rest of the
world owes them a livelihood and protection.
Genuine scholars of the Talmud are not the ones out demonstrating,
throwing stones, spitting or bullying. They do indeed study day and
night. Ironically, that is why in their ivory towers they often appear
oblivious to the realities of the world around them.
When I studied at Be’er Yaakov Yeshivah in Israel in the 1950s, there
were two heads. The academic head was the Rosh Yeshivah, the brilliant
mercurial Rav Moshe Shapiro. The Spiritual Head, the Mashgiah (often
called the Dean) was Rav Shlomo Wolbe.
Both had been students at Mir in Lithuania. Rav Wolbe was serious,
pensive and intense. Rav Wolbe went on to become the greatest voice of “
Mussar“
— spiritual
self-analysis — in the Jewish world and published several volumes of
his intense religious outlook. Amongst his letters collected
posthumously is this extract:
I was delving into the topic of Torah Im Dereh
Eretz which is, ultimately, the foundation upon which live most Shomer
Mitzvos in the world. We do not sufficiently relate to this approach,
and the result of this is that many Bnei Yeshivah who eventually leave
to engage in business and suchlike see this as a contradiction to the
life of Torah, which is a great mistake. I head in the name of the
Steipler that today’s effort to make people stay permanently in kollel
is a horaas shaah (temporary decree), and Rav Chaim Kanievsky said that
it is reasonable that his father said this. The basic path of the Torah
is that a person works for a living and also establishes regular times
for Torah study…”
Is it possible to have one without the other? That is the challenge
we face today. Rav Wolbe thought we could. But then, he was a very
special man, and there are no leaders of his stature in the Haredi world
today — as it lurches ever more towards obscurantism.
How will this all play out? The Haredi world has already split into
extreme factions. It has rejected so-called Modern Orthodoxy. It refuses
to accept any other expression of Judaism as legitimate. It looks as
though we might be heading toward a split similar to that which
disrupted Judaism 2,000 years ago — and contributed to its near
destruction.
Dead Sea Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. Déjà vu?
https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/03/25/orthodox-jews-must-allow-and-support-secular-education/#